ACTIVE VOICE AND PASSIVE VOICE

1.        Definition

1.1         Active Voice

                 In active sentences, the thing doing the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing receiving the action is the object. The Pattern is :

[Thing doing action] + [verb] + [thing receiving action]

1.2         Passive Voice

In passive sentences, the thing receiving the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing doing the action is optionally included near the end of the sentence. You can use the passive form if you think that the thing receiving the action is more important or should be emphasized. You can also use the passive form if you do not know who is doing the action or if you do not want to mention who is doing the action. The Pattern is :

[Thing receiving action] + [be] + [past participle of verb] + [by] + [thing doing action]

2.        Active Voice Into Passive Voice

       There are several rules for changing active voice into passive voice. Those are :

·         Identify the subject, the verb and the object: SVO

·         Change the object into subject

·         Put the suitable helping verb or auxiliary verb. In case helping verb is given, use the same. But note that the helping verb given agrees with the object.

·         Change the verb into past participle of the verb.

·         Add the preposition "by"

·         Change the subject into object.

·         Changes of Pronouns

Active Voice	Passive Voice
I	me
we	us
you	you
he	him
she	her
it	it
they	them

Examples :

Active Voice	Passive Voice
I write a letter	A letter is written by me
We must keep the rule	The rule must be kept by us
He closed the window	The window was closed by him
She was writing letters	Letters were being written by her
I do not drink tea	Tea is not drunk by me
She does not eat a mango	A mango is not eaten by her
He will have finished his work	The work will have been finished by him
They are digging a well	A well is being dug by them

2.1         Imperative Sentence
                     

       Imperative Sentence is sentence type used to make a command, request, or direction.  If sentence in the active voice is in the imperative, to get the passive voice use ‘Let’.

Hence, Passive Voice = Let + Object + be + Past Participle

Examples :

Active Voice	Passive Voice
Help me	Let me be helped
Sing a song	Let a song be sing
Open the door	Let the door be opened
Don’t eat this fruit	Let not this fruit be eaten

      

       2.2     Questions in the Passive

                 If the question in the Active Voice begins with a Helping verb the Passive voice must also begin with a suitable helping verb. Supposing the question begins with ‘Wh or How’ form (what, when, how ...) the Passive Voice must begin with the same.

Examples :

Active Voice	Passive Voice
Are you writing a letter?	Is a letter being written by you?
Is she beating the child?	Is the child beaten by her?
Will you accept the position?	Will the position be accepted by you?
Who broke the window?	By whom was the window broken?
Why did you write such a letter?	Why was such a letter written by you?
Where can you hide this box?	Where can this box be hidden by you?

       2.3     Sentence With Two Objects

 If a sentence contains two objects namely Indirect Object and Direct Object in the Active Voice, two forms of Passive Voice can be formed.

·         She brought me a cup of coffee. (AV)
I was brought a cup of coffee by her. (PV) (or)
A cup of coffee was brought [to] me by her. (PV)

·         The teacher teaches us grammar. (AV)
We are taught grammar by the teacher. (PV) (or)
Grammar is taught [to] us by the teacher. (PV)

2.4      Infinitive and Gerund

·         I want to shoot the tiger. (AV)
I want the tiger to be shoot. (PV)

·         I remember my father taking me to the theatre. (AV)
I remember being taken to the theatre by my father. (PV)

3.        Passive Voice into Active Voice

While changing Passive Voice into Active Voice, we must keep in mind all the rules of the Active Voice in the reverse order. We come across sentences in the Passive Voice without subject or agent. In this case, supply the appropriate subject.
To decide whether the given passive voice sentence is in passive voice, any one of the following constructions should be present.

• 1. is, was ,are, were, am + past participle
• 2. be + past participle
• 3. being + past participle
• 4. been + past participle
• 5. Let ...be + past participle

Changing Passive Voice to Active Voice.

Passive Voice	Active Voice
The thief was finally arrested	The police finally arrested the thief
We were taught grammar	The teacher taught us grammar
My purse has been stolen	Somebody has stolen my purse
The patients were looked after	The doctor looked after the patients

4.        Passive Voice In Tenses

       Sentences can be active or passive. Therefore, tenses also have "active forms" and "passive forms".

No	Tenses	Active Voice (Pattern & Example)	Passive Voice (Pattern & Example)
1	Simple Present Tense	S + V1 + O	S + to be (am, are, is) + V3 + by + O
		My mother always cleans the floor every morning.	The floor is always cleaned by my mother every morning
2	Present Continuous Tense	S + to be (am, are, is) + V1-ing + O	S + to be (am, are, is) + being + V3 + by + O
		They are making a rainbow cake now.	A rainbow cake is being made by them now
3	Present Perfect Tense	S + to be (am, are, is) + being + V3 + by + O	S + have/has + been + V3 + by + O
		The manager has interviewed some candidates	Some candidates have been interviewed by the manager.
4	Present Perfect Continuous Tense	S + have/has + been + V1-ing + O	S + have/has + been + being + V3 + by + O
		Many people have been speaking English	English has been being spoken by many people
5	Simple Past Tense	S + V2 + O	S + to be (was, were) + V3 + by + O
		Fadhila watched the movie in the theatre last night.	The movie was watched by Fadhila in the theatre last night.
6	Past Continuous Tense	S + to be (was, were) + V1-ing + O	S + to be (was, were) + being + V3 + by + O
		She was buying some books last night.	Some books were being bought by her last night.
7	Past Perfect Tense	S + had not + V3 + O	S + had + been + V3 + by + O
		Carroll had made a good decision to leave Liverpool.	A good decision had been made by Carroll to leave Liverpool.
8	Past Perfect Continuous Tense	S + had + been + V1-ing + O	S + had + been + being + V3 + by + O
		She had been watering this plant.	This plant had been being watered by her.
9	Simple Future Tense	S + will not + V1 + O	S + will be + V3 + by + O
		The farmers are going to harvest the crops next week	The crops are going to be harvested by the farmers next week.
10	Future Continuous Tense	S + will + be + V1-ing + O	S + will + be + being + V3 + by + O
		He will be meeting them.	They will be being met by him.
11	Future Perfect Tense	S + will + have + V3 + O	S + will + have + been + V3 + by + O
		She will have watered this plant before I get here this afternoon.	This plant will have been watered by her before I get here this afternoon.
12	Future Perfect Continuous Tense	S + will + have + been + V1-ing + O	S + will + have + been + V1-ing + O
		She will have been watering this plant.	This plant will have been being watered by her.
13	Past Future Tense	S + would +  V1 + O	S + would + be + V3 + by + O
		We would buy a dictionary	A dictionary would be bought by us
14	Past Future Continuous Tense	S + would + be + V1-ing + O	S + would + be + being + V3 + by + O
		She would be listening to the music when the phone rang	The music would be being listened by her when the phone rang
15	Past Future Perfect Tense	S + would + have + V3 + O	S + would + have + been + V3 + by + O
		Many people would have spoken English	English would have been spoken by many people
16	Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense	S + would + have + been + V1-ing + O	S + would + have + been +being + V3 + by + O
		He would be meeting them.	They would be being met by him.

Modals In Passive Voice :

Pattern : Subject + must / can + be + V3 + Object

Examples :

Active : We must keep the rule

Passive : The rule must be kept by us

Refferences :

http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/activepassive.html

http://belajaringgris.web.id/rumus-passive-voice.html

http://www.weblearn.in/active_passive/